Obesity: genetics and immunopathogenesis
Keywords:
OBESITY, GENETICS, MEDICAL, IMMUNE SYSTEMAbstract
Background: variability of body weight in obese or overweight individuals can be attributed to genetic factors. There is a genetic classification of obesity according to these factors and in all of them there is evidence of a complex interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, with imbalances and alterations in homeostasis and control of inflammation of adipose tissue.
Objective: to deepen into the genetic origin and immunopathogenesis of obesity, according to the updated scientific literature.
Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out, in English and Spanish, through PubMed website and Google Scholar. The keywords used were: obesity, genetic factors, immune system, immunopathogenesis.
Results: monogenic, syndromic and polygenic obesities, genes and genetic factors, the interaction between genetics and epigenetics, environment and microenvironment, as well as the main immunological pathogenic mechanisms involved are detailed. Obesity is predominantly of multifactorial origin, where genetic factors are essential components in genesis. In its pathogenesis, it involves an immune imbalance to proinflammatory predominance, which results in a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease.
Conclusions: a review article was published with contents on the genetic origin and immunopathogenesis of obesity.
Downloads
References
Olson G. Obesity and implications for future generations American. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology [revista en internet]. 2012 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 206(3): 255-257. Disponible en https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.01.005.
Rohm TV, Meier DT, Olefsky JM, Donath MY. Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Immunity [revista en internet]. 2021 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 55(1): 31-55. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.013.
Muñoz M, Mazure RA, Culebras JM. Obesidad y sistema inmune. Nutr. Hosp. [revista en internet]. 2004 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 19(6): 319-324. Disponible en: http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/3504.pdf.
Rodríguez López CP, González Torres MC, Aguilar Salinas CA, Nájera Medina O. Mecanismos inmunológicos involucrados en la obesidad. Invest. Clín. [revista en internet]. 2017 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 58(2): 175-196. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/pdf/ic/v58n2/art08.pdf.
Park CS, Shastri N. The Role of T Cells in Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Metabolic Disease. Immune. Netw. [revista en internet]. 2022 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 22(1): e13. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2022.22.e13.
Pinto RM, Steinmetz LDS, Barbosa JMG, Mendes AFCDS, Curado MP, da Cruz AP. The role of genetics in the pathophysiology of obesity: A systematic review. Obes. Res. Open. J. [revista en internet]. 2019 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 6(1): 11-17. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/OROJ-6-137.
Quiroga-de Michelena MI. Obesidad y genética. An. Fac. med. [revista en internet]. 2017 [citado 4 de octubre 2022]; 78(2): 192-195. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v78i2.13216.
Pigeyre M, Meyre D. Monogenic obesity. En: FreemarkMS,ed. Pediatric Obesity Etiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. [en linea] 2nd ed. New York, USA: Humana Press; 2018 [citado 5 de septiembre 2022]. p. 135-152. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4.
Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, Raciti GA, Desiderio A, Miele C, et al. Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Frontiers in Physiology [revista en internet]. 2020 [citado 5 de septiembre 2022]; 10: 1607. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.0160.
Suárez-Carmona W, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, González-Jurado JA. Fisiopatología de la obesidad: Perspectiva actual. Rev. chil. Nutr. [revista en internet]. 2017 [citado 5 de septiembre 2022]; 44(3): 226-233. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-75182017000300226.
Lin X and Li H. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Frontiers in Endocrinology.[revista en internet]. 2021 [citado 5 de septiembre 2022]; 12: 706978. Disponible en: https://doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.706978.
Malo-Castillo J, Ludeña-Meléndez V, Luján-Benites M, Jimenez-Alvarez H, Laiza-Pajilla D, Ishikawa-Arias P, et al. Respuesta inmune desregulada en pacientes obesos como agravante por COVID-19. Rev. Méd. Trujillo [revista en internet]. 2021 [citado 5 de septiembre 2022]; 16(3): 213-21. Disponible en: https://revistas.unitru.edu.pe.
Irecta Najera CA, Álvarez Gordillo GdC. Mecanismos moleculares de la obesidad y el rol de las adipocinas en las enfermedades metabólicas. Rev. Cubana Invest. Bioméd. [revista en internet]. 2016 [citado 4 de enero 2023]; 35(2): 174-183. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubinvbio/cib-2016/cib162f.pdf.
Gjermeni E, Kirstein AS, Kolbig F, Kirchhof M, Bundalian L, Katzmann JL, Laufs U, Blüher M, Garten A, Le Duc D. Obesity–An Update on the Basic Pathophysiology and Review of Recent Therapeutic Advances. Biomolecules [revista en internet]. 2021 [citado 4 de agosto 2022]; 11(10): 1426. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101426.
Guerrero F, López RM. Obesity, immunity and vaccination. Vacunas [revista en internet]. 2021 [citado 4 de enero 2023]; 22(3): 174-182. Disponible en: https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/315460/1-s2.0-S2445146021X00040.
Martínez-Hernández JE, Suárez-Cuenca JA, Martínez-Meraz M, López-Rivera IM Pérez-Cabeza de VR, Mondragón-Terán Paul, et al. Papel de la adiponectina en obesidad y diabetes tipo 2. Med. interna Méx. [revista en internet]. 2019 [citado 10 de enero 2023]; 35(3): 389-396. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0186-48662019000300389&lng=es.
Luft, VC, Schmidt MI, Pankow, Couper D, Ballantyne Ch, Young H. Chronic inflammation role in the obesity-diabetes association: a case-cohort study. Diabetol Metab. Syndr. [revista en internet]. 2013 [citado 10 de enero 2023]; 31(2013). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-5-31.
Ellulu M, Patimah I, Khaza’ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y. Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Arch. Med. Sci. [revista en internet]. 2017 [citado 10 de enero 2023]; 13(4): 851–863 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.58928.
Dopico-Ravelo D, Ledesma-Gómes I, Morera-Rojas B. Síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores pertenecientes al área de salud Cortés, Sandino, Pinar del Río. Revista Electrónica Dr. Zoilo E. Marinello Vidaurreta [revista en internet]. 2022 [citado 10 de enero 2023]; 47(3). Disponible en: http://revzoilomarinello.sld.cu/index.php/zmv/article/view/3082.
Chung KJ, Nati M, Chavakis T, Chatzigeorgiou A. Innate immune cells in the AT. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. [revista en internet]. 2018 [citado 10 de enero 2023]; 19: 283–292. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1007/s11154-018-9451-6.
Pacheco-Pérez Y, Bello-Fernández Z, Góngora-Parra K. Microbioma humano, implicaciones en el proceso salud-enfermedad. Revista Electrónica Dr. Zoilo E. MarinelloVidaurreta [revista en internet]. 2018 [citado 5 de enero 2023]; 44(1) Disponible en: http://revzoilomarinello.sld.cu/index.php/zmv/article/view/.
Castañeda Guillot C. Microbiota intestinal y obesidad en la infancia. Rev. Cubana Pediatr. [revista en internet]. 2020, Mar [citado 10 de agosto 2022]; 92(1): e927. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75312020000100008&lng=es.
Gao R, Zhu C, Li H, Yin M, Pan C, Huang L, et al. Dysbiosis Signatures of Gut Microbiota Along the Sequence From Healthy, Young Patients to Those With Overweight and Obesity. Obes (Silver Spring) [revista en internet]. 2018 [citado 10 de enero 2023]; 26(2): 351–61. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22088.
Khanna D, Khanna S, Khanna P, Payal K, Bhavesh P. Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers. Cureus [revista en internet]. 2022 [citado 10 de agosto 2022]; 14(2): e22711. Disponible en: https://doi:10.7759/cureus.22711.
López Y, Gamboa Y, Rodríguez Y. Microbiota intestinal y obesidad. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar [revista en internet]. 2021 [citado 10 de agosto 2022]; 5(6). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v5i6.1152.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This journal provides free and immediate access to its content under the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater exchange of global knowledge. This means that the authors transfer the copyright to the journal, so that copies and distribution of the contents can be made by any means, as long as the authors' acknowledgment is maintained. These terms are a reflection that the journal assumes copyright under Creative Commons licenses, specifically under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Registration and submission of articles to the journal is free. The processing, including review, editing and publication, is completely free of charge.